SHIKHAR MAINS 2022- DAY 52 Model Answer English

Q1. अभिवृत्ति के अर्थ को स्पष्ट कीजिये। साथ ही नैतिक अभिवृत्ति और राजनीतिक अभिवृत्ति की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिये।

Explain the meaning of attitude. Also discuss Moral attitude and Political attitude.

Approach:

·        Begin the answer by explaining the meaning of attitude.

·        After this, expand the answer by stating a moral attitude.

·        Finally, conclude the answer by stating a political attitude.

Answer:

Attitude

Attitude refers to an inclination or tendency towards a person's social environment such as an object, event, issue, etc., which can be positive or negative or neutral, this tendency is long-term, so the nature of attitude is valuable.

·        When a person's thought or opinion on a subject change into behaviour involving emotion, then it is called attitude.

·        Attitude has three parts - reflective, emotional and practical.

·        Attitude refers to the possibility of an expected behaviour in a person.

·        But it does not necessarily show behaviour in itself.

·        On many occasions, there is a cognitive dissonance due to the lack of harmony between the attitude and behaviour of the person.

·        It creates a sad state of mind in the person.

·        An attempt is made by the individual to achieve cognitive resonance in such a situation.

·        And in this context, efforts are made by the person to achieve such a change in behaviour, which matches his attitude, etc.

Moral attitude

·        Indicates an attitude that is based on moral belief.

·        Belief means that type of belief which is strong about any right or wrong or moral or immoral.

·        The fact of moral attitude motivates a person.

·        Moral attitudes are generally associated with strong emotions, so there is a greater part of affective emotion in it.

Political attitude

·        Political attitude is influenced by political culture and political ideology.

·        There is similarity in political culture even if there are differences between individuals in political ideology.

·        Political culture is transferred from generation to generation.

·        Therefore, political culture is a part of the social process.

·        Political attitude can be broadly classified into three parts.

·        The citizen is only aware of the political system.

·        The citizens, being aware of the political system, consider themselves affected by its decision.

·        Influence the decision of the political system through various means.

·        Nationalism is related to power, so its nature is aggressive.

·        Whereas love of swadesh makes individuals aware of moral obligations towards the political community.

·        The nature of love for homeland is protective and it is a means of living in the best possible way in itself.

·        There is no desire to impose it on anyone else.

·        Constitutionalism has special importance in the context of political attitude.

            Thus the result of attitude is the result of the learning process itself. Therefore, it is natural for attitudes to change with each new learning. Social influence has a special importance in attitude change.

Q2. जवाबदेहिता से आप क्या समझते हैं? उन कारणों को रेखांकित कीजिये जो न्यायपालिका की जवाबदेहिता को औचित्य प्रदान करते हैं।

What do you understand by accountability? Enumerate reasons to justify the accountability of the judiciary.

Approach:

·        Define accountability in the introduction.

·        In the first part, explain the rationale for judicial accountability.

·        In the second part, give an outline of the measures to ensure judicial accountability.

·        Lastly, by discussing the efforts made in this context, conclude the answer.

Answer:

               When a person is given a task, it is the moral responsibility of that person to perform that task, and when the responsibility is legal, then it is called accountability. There are three bases of accountability i.e., Responsiveness, Responsibility and Accountability. Since the judiciary is also a part of the government, accountability is also expected from the judiciary.

Accountability of the judiciary:

·        The independence of the judiciary refers to the non-interference of the executive and parliament.

·        To protect the fundamental rights of the people, the judiciary should be independent but at the same time it is also necessary that the judiciary should also be accountable.

·        This accountability of the judiciary should not be towards the executive or parliament but to the constitution, the people and the parliamentary tradition and values.

Justification for judicial accountability:

·        The judiciary is independent in itself, the independence of the judiciary automatically demands that the judiciary should be accountable so that the exercise of independence is done in the right direction and under the right purpose.

·        Judiciary is the custodian of the constitution, so being the custodian of the constitution, it is necessary to have judicial accountability.

·        The judiciary itself is an integral part of the democratic structure, so like the other two organs of the government, the judiciary should also be accountable.

·        Judicial accountability is essential to encourage public confidence in the judiciary.

·        Since the enactment of the Constitution, there have been allegations of corruption or misconduct against some judges, which in itself highlights the importance of judicial accountability.

·        Therefore, in the present times it is necessary that the independence of the judiciary should be strengthened more through judicial accountability.

Measures to ensure judicial accountability

There can be 3 fundamental means of achieving judicial accountability-

·        Through legislative amendment as an external remedy.

·        By way of parliamentary law or legislation as an external remedy, the judiciary has been declaring such measures unconstitutional on the basis of the basic structure.

·        By the judiciary's own initiative power as an internal remedy, this would be the best and most ethical approach.

In this context, in order to ensure its accountability, the judiciary itself has taken some initiatives such as efforts to bring more transparency in the collegium system, live broadcast and publication of judicial proceedings, and present the details of assets and liabilities of judges etc. Other similar initiatives are expected from the judiciary to make the judiciary more and more accountable.