SHIKHAR MAINS 2022- DAY 36 Model Answer English

Q1. बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र एक सूखा प्रभावित क्षेत्र है । इस क्षेत्र मे सूखे की समस्या के प्रमुख कारणो का उल्लेख करते हुए इसके निदान हेतु सरकार द्वारा किए गए प्रयासों का उल्लेख कीजिए ? 

Bundelkhand region is a drought affected area. While mentioning the main causes of the problem of drought in this region, mention the efforts made by the government for its solution? 

Approach:

• Give a brief background on the situation of droughts in Bundelkhand region.
• Mention the main causes of the problem of drought in this region.
• Highlight efforts made by the government to provide a solution for the drought situation.
• Conclude accordingly.

Answer

Bundelkhand is made up of the border areas of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, in which seven districts of Uttar Pradesh are included. Bundelkhand region always remains in discussion due to the problem of water scarcity and drought. A total of 12 drought years have been observed during the 19th and 20th centuries, that is, we can say that there has been a drought once in 16-17 years. The frequency of drought years increased for the first time between 1968 and 1992, when there were three droughts in these years and at present, there has been almost continuous drought in the last 6 years (after 2004-05). 

Geographical Formation:

• Geographically, the erosion of rivers, plateau areas, barren and infertile rocky land make agriculture here very difficult.
• Due to lack of water for irrigation and severe heat, the entire area is very backward in agriculture. Mainly two rivers Ken, Betwa pass through this area, which later joins Yamuna. 

Land degradation:

• Land degradation is a serious problem of the region, due to which lakhs of hectares of land are not suitable for agriculture.
• The main causes of land degradation are strong wind, rain and sloping land. More than 60 percent of the people in this area live below the poverty line.
• A major part of the farmers are marginal farmers. About 25 percent of the farmers are those who have between 1 to 2 hectares of land.
• The identity of the farmer is from the land itself and from that his livelihood and his existence, but this land is continuously getting smaller or it is getting eroded or else it is unproductive in the form of fallow. Many land reforms have been done in this area, but none proved effective. 

Climate Change:

• The unusual changes in the weather caused by climate change in the last 15 years have greatly increased the vulnerability and risk of the people.
• Here in recent years, the late arrival of monsoon, early withdrawal, long drought interval between the two, drying up of wells in the water storage areas, etc. has completely destroyed agriculture.
• Even in some years the farmers could not even sow the crop. In the last 3 decades, the situation here has become very bad.
• Natural calamities have changed the course of this entire region, due to which the social and economic condition here has deteriorated to a great extent.
• Most of the districts of this region are affected by drought, which has a direct impact on agriculture here.
• Although this region has been facing drought and drought-like situations for the last many years, but this year it is in its dreadful condition. 

Average Rainfall Decrease:

• Generally, the average rainfall in Bundelkhand is 800-1000 mm. But if we look at the average of the last five years, there has been a decrease of 40- 50 percent i.e., 450-550 mm. rain was received.
• Late arrival of monsoon, high rainfall in a short span of time and long interval of rainfall between two years are helpful in creating drought conditions in this region.

 Government efforts to deal with drought in Bundelkhand:

• The Uttar Pradesh government announced the implementation of Maharashtra's 'Sujalam-Sufalam' scheme to solve the drinking water problem in other districts of state including Bundelkhand. Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has directed to start the Sujalam-Sufalam scheme as a pilot project in Mahoba and Hamirpur.
• By maintaining the continuity of Ganga and Yamuna, huge ponds will be constructed on their banks for the availability of water in sufficient quantities.
• Here special attention will be given to recharging of groundwater. The government is taking necessary steps to reduce the dependence of water supply on Ganga and Yamuna.
• The Central Government has implemented the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana to reduce the dependence of agriculture on monsoon and to reach water to every field. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana is a scheme coordinated by the Central and State Governments. It was started by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on July 1, 2015. Under this scheme, a budget of Rs 50,000 crore has been allocated for the next five years. Under this scheme, the Government of India in collaboration with the State Government has also arranged for some agricultural grants and assistance.
• The government is providing a grant of Rs 25 lakh to the farmers for the construction of community ponds.
• For sprinkler irrigation, the government is providing 50 percent of the total expenditure as assistance. The government is providing financial and training assistance to small, marginal farmers, women farmers, and scheduled tribe farmers.
• Arrangements have been made to promote the use of drip methods for horticulture and vegetable cultivation. In this way both production and productivity are increasing.

• All these efforts are expected to reduce the intensity and frequency of drought in Bundelkhand. If all these government efforts are implemented in a coordinated and participatory manner, the problem is likely to improve rapidly.

Q2. शास्त्रीय और लोक नृत्य मे अंतर स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर प्रदेश के लोक जीवन से जुड़ी हुई प्रमुख लोक नृत्यों का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिये?   

Explaining the difference between classical and folk dance, give a brief introduction to the major folk dances associated with Uttar Pradesh.  

Approach:

• Give a brief background on the diverse cultural heritage of India.

• Explain the difference between classical dance and folk dance with the help of examples.

• Conclude accordingly. 

Answer:

           India is a country with diverse cultural heritage. Despite being a confluence of various arts and customs with different religions, India is reputed to be a secular state. India is not only a country of confluence of rivers but also a country of cultural confluence. 

Classical dance:

Classical dance is an important part of our cultural heritage.

• In classical dance, a dancer narrates a story through different gestures.

• Most of the classical dances of India are associated with Hindu mythology.

• Each classical dance represents the culture of a particular region to which

            they belong.

• It strictly follows the rules of "Natya Shastra" and dances are performed

according to the same rules e.g. - Kathak, Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi etc. 

Folk dance:

Folk dances are based on festivals, customs etc. from folk tradition. They are not bound by rules like classical dance.

• For example, folk dances are performed to celebrate the arrival of Mohram, the birth of a child, marriage or many other festivals. It is relatively simple.

• Indian folk dances are full of energy. In some folk dances men and women dance separately, while in others together.

• In most dances the performers sing by themselves, with only a few accompanying them with musical instruments. 

Each type of folk dance has a special costume and rhythm. Most of the folk dances consist of colourful costumes with ornaments and distinctive figures.  In every region of Uttar Pradesh, there is a difference in folk songs as well as in folk dance. 

Main Folk Dances -

• Khyal dance - Khyal dance is performed in Bundelkhand on the birth anniversary of the son. Under this, a temple is made with the help of coloured papers and bamboo and then dance is performed by placing it on the head.
• Ras Nritya- This dance is performed during Rasleela in the Braj region. Rasak Dand dance is also an interesting dance form of this region.
• Jhula dance - This is also a dance of the Braj region, which is organized in the month of Shravan. This dance is also performed in temples.
• Dhobia dance - This is a dance performed by the Dhobi community in Purvanchal on marriage and procreation. In this, information about the relation of washerman and donkey is obtained through dance.
• Charkula dance- This dance is performed by women in Braj region by placing a Charkula (cage) of 108 lamps on their heads on Holi.
• Kathghodwa dance - This dance is performed on auspicious occasions in Purvanchal. In this, a dancer sits on an artificial horse inside the circle of other dancers.
• Jogini Dance - This dance is performed in the Avadh region, especially at the festival of Ramnavami. Under this, a monk or any other man takes the form of a woman and dances.
• Shoura or Saira dance - This dance is performed by the farmers of Bundel Khand with the aim of showing joy while harvesting their crops.
• Pasi dance - This dance is performed by the people of the Pasi society of Purvanchal and Awadh. In this dance, seven different postures are danced in one speed and in the same rhythm like a war.
• Dhuria Dance - Prajapati Kumhar people of Bundelkhand perform this dance wearing a female disguise.
• Kanara dance- Dance is performed by men and women of Dhobi society of Bundelkhand at the marriage ceremony in Kanara.
• Kartik Nritya - This is a dance performed by dancers in the form of Shri Krishna and Gopi in the month of Kartik in the Bundelkhand region.
• Barendi dance - Like Lathmar Holi of Braj, on the occasion of Deepawali in Bundelkhand region, peacock-winged lathes with attractive costumes on the tone of drums, performing Barendi dance and games while attacking each other.
• Chowlar dance - This dance is performed for good rains and good harvest. In districts like Mirzapur-Sonbhadra etc.
• Dhedhiya dance - This folk dance is practised in the Dwaba region of the state, which is performed as a welcoming gesture when Rama returns after conquering Lanka. In this, lighting a lamp in a porous earthen pot is done by keeping it on head.
•  Natuva or Nakataura dance - In Purvanchal, the women on the groom's side dressed as men and performed humorous drama and dance throughout the night.